Timeline of the Templars - Part II (12th Century)

In Part I, I discussed the fall of the Roman Empire, the continuation of the Byzantine Empire, the rise and expansion of the Islamic faith, the Holy Roman Empire, the Great Schism, the conflicts of Islam and Christianity, the First Crusade, and the formation of the Knights Templar. Part II will go through the events following the establishment of the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and the Temple of Solomon through the end of the 12th century.

The Formative and Expansive Years

Part I left from the point that the Templars were founded and the Council of Nablus. The common legend by William of Tyre is that for the first 9 years of the Templar’s existence, they had no more than 9 knights, but according to another historian, Michael the Syrian, Hugh De Payen founded this Order with 30 Knights with him.

Hugh de Payens served as the Templar’s first Grand Master serving from its founding until 1136. During the first 9 years, not much is known of Templar activity and much is left to wild speculation. What is known is that around 1127, Hugh de Payens traveled back to Western Europe to garner support and recruit more knights. Traveling through France, the Templars were given land by Count Thybaud of Champagne. In 1128, Hugh de Payens traveled to London where land was donated where the first Temple Church would be built in Holborn, London.

The Templars also spread to the Iberian Peninsula where they were instrumental in pushing back the Moorish invaders during the Reconquista. Countess Teresa donated the Castle of Soure to them in March 1128.

In 1129, Hugh de Payens was summoned by Pope Honorius II to an ecumenical council that would be held in Troyes, France, which had been instigated by Bernard of Clairvaux, a Cistercian abbot and nephew to one of the Templar members, André de Montbard.

The Council of Troyes was attended by bishops, clergy, and representatives of various religious orders. Among its objectives, the Council’s most notable decision was its endorsement of the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and the Temple of Solomon. Recognizing the military prowess and religious zeal of the Templars, the Council of Troyes granted official approval to the order, providing it with both spiritual legitimacy and material support. Through the efforts of St. Bernard, the Rule of the Templars was established.

By 1130, recruits were starting to flood to the order and the Templars had received gifts of castles and land in Germany, France, England, Scotland, Greece, and the Iberian Peninsula. Among the recruits was the Count of Champagne who had given up his title, lands, and family to join the Knights Templar and serve under his former vassal. Hugh de Payens returned to the Holy Land with new knights to help bolster the Templar order.

On August 31, 1131, King Baldwin II of Jerusalem died. His eldest daughter Milesende and her husband, Fulk (Count of Anjou), who had been married back in 1129, were crowned King and Queen of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem on September 14, 1131. In the first years of his reign, King Fulk had been constructing castles and fortresses to protect from the Saracens, but in 1137 he surrendered the castle at Montferrad (present-day village of Baarin in Syria).

Hugh de Payens died on May 24, 1136, in the Holy Land after leading the Knights Templar for about 18 years. Robert de Craon, who had been Seneschal for Hugh, was elected Grand Master of the Order. It was during Craon’s reign that three Papal bulls were issued. 

The first one, Omne Datum Optimum, was issued in 1139 by Pope Innocent II. Omne Datum Optimum is Latin for "Every Good Gift" and allowed the Templars to keep their spoils of war, placing donations directly under papal protection, and exempting them from paying tithe. This proclamation added a priest class to the hierarchy as well as made the members of the Order answerable to the Grand Master. 

The second Papal bull, Milites Templi, Latin for "Soldiers of the Temple," was issued by Pope Celestine II in 1144, gave ecclesiastical protection to the Knights Templar and further endorsed them by advocating that the faithful donate to the cause of the Templars. This along with the Templar's annual collections and with the next Papal Bull laid the base for the Order's famous wealth. 

The final Papal bull was called Militia Dei, which is Latin for "Soldiers of God," and was issued by Pope Eugene III in 1145. This was somewhat controversial as it allowed the Templar priests to take tithes, build their own churches, collect property taxes from their tenants, and bury their dead in their cemeteries. Some speculate that this gave the Order's priests to take confession, but others believe this is a false assumption as no language exists within this Papal Bull that allows for such liberties.

His battle records were mixed as he destroyed brigands led by the Emir of Aleppo as well as stopped Islamic incursions in Beaufort and Banyas. However, the Templars were defeated along with the Frankish army in 1139 at Teqoa (between Jerusalem and Hebron in the West Bank today).

The Second Crusade

After the death of King Fulk in 1143, the Crown of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem went to Baldwin, Fulk’s 13-year-old son, with Queen Melissende as his regent. The kingdom fell into decline due to the neglect of the Queen Regent and her failure to protect Edesse or Antioch. 

In 1144, Seljuk Turks led by Imad al-Din Zengi besieged and massacred more than 30,000 Christians in Edessa (in modern-day Eastern Turkey). Edessa was the most northerly, the weakest, and the least populated of the Crusader states. This event was the catalyst for the Second Crusade. Imad al-Din Zengi would die on September 14, 1146, by assassination. Amidst the chaos following Imad al-Din Zengi's death, his son Nur Ad-Din emerged as his rightful heir and successor.

Robert de Craon died on January 13, 1147, during the Second Crusade and was succeeded by Everard des Barres. At taking over as Grand Master he convened, in Paris, a meeting of the General Chapter of the Templars at which King Louis VII of France, Pope Eugenius III, many Templar knights and sergeants, and other Christian dignitaries were in attendance. It was also around this time that Pope Eugenius III authorized the use of the red cross on the Templar uniform, but whether or not it occurred at this meeting it is not known; some theorize that the approval to wear the red cross occurred in 1146.

Having previously served as the Preceptor of France, Everard was close to Louis VII and when the king sent out for the Holy Land on the Second Crusade, Everard and a host of Templars went along. Everard was sent ahead with other diplomats to treat the Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus, and work out a contract to allow the Frankish army to pass through the Byzantine territory. Diplomacy was needed as both the Franks were as suspicious of the Byzantine Emperor as he was of them.

Once the Frankish Army arrived in Antioch, King Louis requested a loan of 2,000 silver marks from the Templar Grand Master to help finance further military operations; he had spent nearly all of his funds getting his troops to the Holy Land. It was from this point that the Templars became the bankers and treasurers for the kings and lords in the Holy Land and across Europe.

The call for a new crusade came primarily from Pope Eugene III, who urged Christian rulers across Europe to take up arms and defend the Holy Land, but others including Bernard of Clairvaux also carried the message and inspired Emperor Conrad III of Germany to lead an army to the Middle East.

In 1148, Everard des Barres led his Templar knights along with King Louis and King Baldwin III on an unsuccessful Siege of Damascus. King Baldwin wanted to use the newly arrived Frankish army to lay siege to Damascus. The siege would most likely have been successful, except politics got in the way and many of the Christian lords withdrew their troops and the Crusader army fell apart.

Led by Nur ad-Din Zengi, the ruler of Aleppo and Damascus, the Muslims took advantage of this disunity and attacked the city of Antioch in 1149. Nur ad-Din amassed a formidable army, drawing forces from various Muslim territories, including Aleppo, Damascus, and Mosul. The Muslim coalition was united in its goal to crush the crusader presence in the region and reclaim Antioch for Islam. The defenders of Antioch, led by Prince Raymond of Poitiers, braced themselves for the impending assault. Raymond was a skilled military leader and had played a significant role in the city's defense during previous conflicts. Despite the valiant efforts of the defenders, the Muslim forces launched a relentless siege, employing a combination of siege engines, catapults, and battering rams to breach the city's defenses. Ultimately, the walls of Antioch succumbed to the overwhelming force of the Muslim army which resulted in the loss of the city and the death of Prince Raymond of Poitiers who was beheaded. The loss of Antioch marked a turning point in the fortunes of the crusader states and highlighted the growing strength and unity of Muslim powers in the region.

After the defeat at Damascus, Everard accompanied King Louis back to France where he resigned and abdicated the office as Grand Master. He became a Cistercian monk at Clairvaux and lived there until his death on November 12, 1174. Bernard de Tremelay would take over the Knights Templar in 1149.

Siege of Ascalon

When Bernard de Tremelay became Grand Master, King Baldwin III gave him the fortified city of Gaza which was an important city as it sat as the gateway into Egypt, but it also stood between the Muslim-controlled city of Ascalon and Egypt. The Templar Grand Master rebuilt the walls and constructed new towers to ensure it was nearly impregnable by land or sea. To better protect from attacks from Ascalon, he had surrounding fortresses reinforced.

At the end of 1152, King Baldwin III decided to take advantage of the divided Muslim leadership and military victories of the Latin Kingdom by leading his troops to the city of Ascalon (between Gaza and Tel Aviv). In January of 1153, the Crusading army besieged this city. The city was besieged by land and sea, but was unable to prevent the city from being resupplied which caused the siege to cover several months. On August 15th, 1153, a Templar siege tower was set afire, but because of the prevailing winds the fire blew back at the Muslims, and the already weakened walls crumbled causing a breach to be opened in the Muslim defenses. 

The events that followed vary depending on the historical source, but all agree that the Templars were the first and only ones to make it through the breach which resulted in the slaughter of the Templars including the Grand Master, Bernard de Tremelay, on August 16th; he was the first Grand Master to die in battle. Their bodies were hung from the walls which incensed the Crusading army; the city fell three days later. After the death of Bernard de Tremelay, the Templar order elected André de Montbard, uncle of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, as Grand Master.

Montbard served only for three years and left no lasting fingerprint on the office of Grand Master; other than being the last of the founding knights. Montbard died on January 17th, 1156, in Jerusalem while in office and was succeeded by Bertrand de Blanchefort.

There is little information on when Bertrand de Blanchefort joined the Templar order, but what is known is that in 1156, just days after the death of the previous Grand Master, André de Montbard, Bertrand was elected to that position. His quick ascension was due to the fact that by 1156, Grand Master Montbard was an old knight and was in, as we shall say, semi-retirement in France. In Montbard's absence, the Order was overseen by Blanchefort.

Bertrand was taken prisoner after a battle between the forces led by King Baldwin III and the Islamic forces led by Nur ad-Din near Banyas or Paneas (near Mount Hermon) in 1157. He would remain a prisoner for 3-years until the Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I, negotiated a treaty with Nur ad-Din which included the release of the Frankish knights.

Once released, the Grand Master de Blanchefort worked on reforming the Rule of the Order which became known as the "Retraits." In this reform, he specified more clearly the duties and responsibilities of the ranks within the Templar hierarchy. These "Retraits" also established some checks and balances on the authority of the Grand Master. One interesting change he pushed for was the use of the title "Master by Grace of God" which was approved by Pope Alexander III.

In 1160, Gualdim Pais, the Master of Templars in Portugal, established the Castle of Tomar and the Convent of Christ which would serve as the headquarters of the Portuguese Templars and a strategic fortress in the Iberian Peninsula during the Reconquista.

In 1161, King Henry II of England donated land near the Thames where the English Templar headquarters would be and where Temple Church sits today. Temple Church itself is comprised of two sections called "The Round" and "The Chancel". The Round was the original nave and is based upon the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The Round was consecrated on February 10, 1185, to Mary Theotokos by Heraclius, the Patriarch of Jerusalem.

Egypt

In 1162 or 1163, Amalric I succeeded his brother Baldwin III as head of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. His focus would fall upon the Caliphate in Cairo which was weakened by the infighting between the Sunni and Shiite sects of Islam. Amalric gathered his forces and set out to Egypt and was accompanied by the Templar and Hospitaller Orders. The Crusaders attempted to besiege the ancient city of Bilbeis in September of 1163, but had to retreat when the Egyptians destroyed the river embankments and flooded the plains where the Crusaders were stationed.

The following year, Amalric would have attempted to take the city, but Nur ad-Din started expanding and invading the Latin Kingdom so Geoffroi Foucher, a Templar, was sent to strike a deal with the Egyptian sultan to ally forces against Nur ad-Din; Nur ad-Din was accompanied by Salah ad-Din or Saladin, a great Kurdish Muslim leader who would become famous for his victories over the Crusaders. In 1168, Amalric I turned back to conquering Egypt, but because of a treaty the Templars did not take part in this operation and which resulted in a deterioration in the relationship between the Templars and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Bertrand de Blanchefort died of old age on January 2, 1169, in Reims, France. Phillipe de Milly, who had been a nobleman in the Holy Land and who had joined the Templars in 1166, was elected Grand Master. Many believe that King Amalric had campaigned in support of Phillipe so he could gain Templar support for his Egyptian campaign. The relationship between the Templars and the King of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem had been damaged during Blanchefort's time. Phillipe resigned as Grand Master early in 1171 and was succeeded by Odo de St Amand.

The Leper King

Amalric I died on July 11, 1174, and the throne went to his son, Baldwin IV, also known as Baldwin the Leper or the Leper King. Despite being afflicted with leprosy from a young age, Baldwin proved to be a skilled and determined ruler who displayed remarkable military prowess.

One of his victories was against Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard in 1177. The battle occurred on November 25, 1177, located near Ramla (Israel southeast of Tel Aviv). This battle was between a Christian army of 375 knights, 80 Knights Templar, and several thousand infantry against Saladin's army of around 27,000 men. Saladin underestimated the king and allowed his army to become spread out over a large area. The two forces met at Montgisard which caught Saladin by surprise and his troops were tired from their march from Egypt. The Crusader forces charged and broke through the center routing Saladin's forces. Both sides lost many, but the Muslim forces lost over three-quarters of their troops; Saladin himself only survived by escaping on a camel.

Toward the end of his rule, St. Amand oversaw the construction of an impregnable fortress known as Chastellet near Jacob's Ford on the Jordan River. This fortress was located in an important place and was effective in preventing Saladin's army from conquering Jerusalem in 1179. After Saladin was defeated at the fortress, the Christians thought they could inflict further damage on Saladin so they launched an assault at the Battle of Marj Ayun (southern Lebanon). 

Unfortunately, Saladin had reorganized his forces and defeated the Christian Army, killing and capturing many. Among those captured was the Templar Grand Master, Odo de St. Amand. There were proposals of ransoming him, but he refused as it was against the Rule of the Order. In the next year, St. Amand died while still in jail, but no exact date is known. 

Arnold of Torroja was elected Grand Master of the Templars in 1181 who was seen as an outsider and not prone to be too involved with the geopolitics of the region. Due to his appearance as an outsider and an impartial arbitrator, many groups used him to mediate disputes. During a truce (due to a drought) between Saladin and Baldwin, Torroja went on a tour of Europe with Patriarch Heraclius and Roger des Moulins, Grand Master of the Hospitaliers, to get more soldiers for another crusade, Torroja fell ill and died on September 30, 1184. Torroja’s Seneschal, Gerard de Ridefort, was elected as Grand Master by late 1184 or early 1185.

The Fall of Jerusalem

In 1185, the leper king, Baldwin IV, passed away and the sole authority passed to his nephew Baldwin V who was 8 years old at the time of his coronation, but the kingdom was run by a regent, Raymond, the Count of Tripoli. The next year Baldwin V died and the succession came into question. There were two major contenders for the throne: Sibylla, Baldwin IV's sister supported by Guy de Lusignan, and Isabella, Sibylla's younger half-sister, supported by Raymond III and the Hospitaller Grand Master. Ridefort and the Patriarch of Jerusalem sided with Guy de Lusignan, and in July of 1186 Guy and Sibylla were crowned King and Queen. 

It is not surprising that Ridefort didn’t support Raymond as Ridefort had formerly been in Raymond’s service before he was a Templar. When Raymond refused to marry Gerard to Lady Lucia, a rich heiress, the friendship soured and Ridefort left his service.

Raymond III's poor relationship with the monarchy gave Gerard de Ridefort the ability to label him as a coward and/or traitor which only gave Raymond the need to ally with Saladin. In reaction to crimes committed by Renaud de Chatillon, Lord of Oultrejordain, and the refusal of the king to punish him, Saladin desired to enter the Kingdom of Jerusalem to take care of Renaud himself. Raymond would only allow a small contingent to enter Galilee and only for a day. He informed the people and troops in the area to stay within their fortresses and avoid conflict. Learning of this Gerard de Ridefort sent some of his troops to defend Nazareth against the approaching Muslims. The Battle of Cresson would result in the slaughter of the Christian troops, with only a few survivors including Gerard de Ridefort.

Small encounters and fights would eventually lead to one of the bloodier battles of the Crusades, the famous Battle of the Horns of Hattin. Eventually, Saladin would invade the Kingdom and the King would call his troops. The Crusaders met at the Springs of Saffuriyah on the 27th of June and held a council. Many of the king's men advised the king to hold near a source of water and let Saladin come to them, allowing the heat to tire the enemy, which had occurred in previous battles against the Muslim forces.

Saladin had learned from past mistakes and did not move his forces from his water source so instead, he sent part of his force up to Tiberias and took the fortress belonging to Count Raymond, who was away, but whose wife and family were still in the castle. Even though counseled against by Raymond, at the advice of the Templar Grand Master the Crusading Army set off across the arid terrain through the blazing heat on the 2nd of July to face the Saracen army. The water went quickly, men and animals succumbed to the heat of the day, and the forces were harassed by Saracen scouting parties.

The Crusaders camped on the hills known as the Horns of Hattin, but Saladin's forces kept up the harassment campaign throughout the night. On the morning of July 4th, Saladin ordered the surrounding brush to be set on fire which sent a black smoke to flow into the already-parched Crusader camp. Then the battle started, it was a slaughter. Guy de Lusignan attempted to send his forces to take the springs near Hattin, but was repelled. The Crusading force was exhausted from the march plus they were dealing with desertion of their troops who refused to keep going forward. The infantry that did stay was defeated by the Muslim cavalry. Even the Knights Templar were defeated and those who were captured were beheaded, except for the Grand Master Gerard de Ridefort.

This victory made Saladin's force the dominant fighting force in the region and he continued through the kingdom using his noble captives as means to secure the surrender of castles and fortresses such as Acre, Ascalon, and Gaza; this would eventually lead to the fall of Jerusalem in July of 1187. This led to the Third Crusade which would start with the Siege of Acre. A few months later, Saladin released the Templar Grand Master and he took back the command of the Templar Order.

The Third Crusade

The Horns of Hattin had decimated the Templar order and the Crusading forces and would lead to the Third Crusade in 1189. The Templars would begin to grow their forces again and we see in 1189 that the Grand Master led the Templars in a campaign to support the Siege of Acre, along with the King Guy de Lusignan and his army`. The Siege of Acre would last for two years and cost countless lives on both sides of the fight. On the 4th of October, 1189, Gerard de Ridefort died at the foot of Mount Toron near the walls of Acre. Some say he died during the battle against Saladin's forces and others say he was first captured and then executed by Saladin.

The Knights Templar played a significant role in the prolonged Siege of Acre, ultimately resulting in its capture by the Crusaders. This victory helped to maintain a Christian presence in the Holy Land for several more decades. It’s also interesting to note that the Siege of Acre led to the formation of the Order of St. Thomas. Acre would also become the new headquarters for the Knights Templar due to the loss of Jerusalem where they were previously housed on the Temple Mount.

There was a delay in electing a new Grand Master as the Templar order wanted to avoid losing a Grand Master during battles so they amended the Rule concerning the role of the Grand Master. A year before the elections were held, Robert de Sablé joined the order and King Richard urged the Templars to elect de Sablé which occurred in 1191. Robert de Sablé served as counselor to King Richard I, the Lionheart, of England from 1190 to 1193, and even led King Richard's navy into the Mediterranean where he took part in several successive campaigns that recaptured many fortresses and cities along the Levantine Coast that had been lost to the Christians.

One of those captured cities was Arsuf which is also known as Apollonia (north of Tel Aviv). The Crusader army, led by King Richard I of England, engaged Saladin's forces. The Knights Templar, alongside other Crusader orders and armies, played a crucial role in securing victory for the Christians. Their disciplined fighting and tactical acumen helped to repel the repeated assaults by Saladin's forces, allowing the Crusaders to maintain control of key coastal territories.

The Third Crusade ended in a stalemate and Jerusalem was still in the hands of the Muslims. Both sides entered into the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192 which allowed for Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem without fear of persecution.

During his tenure as Grand Master, Robert de Sablé purchased the island of Cyprus from King Richard and served as Lord of Cyprus until 1193 when he sold the island to Guy de Lusignan, the King of Jerusalem as the Holy City had been captured by the Muslims after the Battle of Hattin. Robert de Sablé died on September 23, 1193, in Arsuf, Israel. Also in 1193, Saladin died leaving his sons in control of Cairo, Damascus, and Aleppo.

Gilbert Horal was elected as Grand Master of the Templars serving from 1193 to 1200. Tensions between the two orders were already strained because armed fighting over control of cities and castles around the Levant got so out of control that the Vatican had to intervene. Pope Innocent III favored the Hospitallers which is likely due to Horal's favor for peace with the Saracens. 

Horal continued to give Templar support to the Reconquista for which they were rewarded with the fortress of Alfambra (sometimes spelled Alhambra) by King Alfonso II of the Kingdom of Aragon in 1196 AD.

During the reign of Horal, the world saw the rise of the Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus St. Mariens in Jerusalem, or, simply, the Teutonic Knights, rise from a monastic order to a full-fledged military order in 1198. 

Gilbert Horal died in December 1200 which was around the start of the Fourth Crusade. Phillipe de Plessis would succeed Horal as the Thirteenth Grand Master.

Conclusion

During the 12th century, the Knights Templar emerged as a prominent military order in the Holy Land during the Crusades. There were 12 Grand Masters of the Order. Hugh de Payens served the longest at 18 years. Everard des Barres and Robert de Sablé served the shortest terms at 2 years. The average length of a Grand Mastership was 6.4 years. Two Grand Masters resigned and abdicated their position. Three Grand Masters were killed in action.

While founded to protect Christian pilgrims, the Order expanded its role to become warriors, advisors, ambassadors, and bankers. They developed a sophisticated banking system, providing loans to nobles and kings, and managing vast estates and agricultural lands. They established a network of fortresses and castles across the Levant, strategically positioning themselves to defend Christian territories from Muslim incursions. Their military prowess and disciplined organization earned them respect and fear on the battlefield.

References

1. A Brief History of the Knights Templar. (n.d.). Retrieved from Mostly Medieval: http://www.mostly-medieval.com/explore/temphist.htm

2. Battle of Arsuf. (n.d.). Retrieved from Templar History: https://templarhistory.com/the-battle-of-arsuf/

3. Battle of Montgisard. (n.d.). Retrieved from Templar History: https://templarhistory.com/the-battle-of-montgisard/

4. Brain, J. (n.d.). The Knights Templar. Retrieved from Historic UK: https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/The-Knights-Templar/

5. Council of Troyes. (n.d.). Retrieved from Templar History: https://templarhistory.com/the-council-of-troyes/

6. History. (n.d.). Retrieved from Convento de Cristo: http://www.conventocristo.gov.pt/en/index.php?s=white&pid=168&identificador=ct12_pt#:~:text=The%20Knights%20Templar%20came%20to,Santar%C3%A9m%20and%20Lisbon%20(1147).

7. History. (n.d.). Retrieved from Ordre Souverain et Militaire du Temple de Jérusalem: https://www.theknightstemplar.org/history/

8. Moeller, C. (1912, July 1). The Knights Templars. Retrieved from The Catholic Encyclopedia: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14493a.htm

9. Price, B. W. (2021). In the Steps of the Templars. Lewis Masonic.

10. Rowe, D. M. (2014). A Chronological View of the Crusades. Retrieved from Grand Encampment of Knights Templar USA: http://www.knightstemplar.org/KnightTemplar/articles/crusades.htm

11. Saladin and the Templars: A Clash of Titans. (2020, June 7). Retrieved from Templar History: https://templarhistory.com/saladin-and-the-templars/

12. Siege of Ascalon. (n.d.). Retrieved from Templar History: https://templarhistory.com/the-siege-of-ascalon/

13. Were there Nine Original Templars? (n.d.). Retrieved from Ordre Souverain et Militaire du Temple de Jérusalem: http://www.theknightstemplar.org/the-nine-original-knights-templar/

Happy Easter

On this blessed day of Easter, let us, as Knights Templar, reflect upon the trials of the cross our Savior endured for our sake.

As guardians of faith and defenders of the weak, let us renew our commitment to upholding the values of honor, courage, and compassion. Let the spirit of Easter inspire us to rise above adversity and embody the divine virtues that guide our noble order.

May the light of Christ's Resurrection illuminate our path and strengthen our resolve to serve humanity with unwavering devotion. On this holiest of days, may the blessings of Easter fill our hearts with joy, peace, and the boundless grace of God.

Happy Easter, dear Sir Knights, may we continue to walk in the footsteps of the risen Lord, bearing His light for all to see.

Anti-Mason Disinformation: Edmond Ronayne

"You must conceal all the crimes of your brother Masons, except murder and treason, and these only at your own option, and should you be summoned as a witness against a brother Mason be always sure to shield him. Prevaricate [falsify], don't tell the whole truth in his case, keep his secrets, forget the most important points. It may be perjury to do this, it is true, but you're keeping your obligations, and remember if you live up to your obligation strictly, you'll be free from sin. ‘That's the evidence I sight."

This is a quote often cited by anti-Masons in their condemnation of the Craft. It is from a publication called “The Handbook of Free Masonry” by Edmond Ronayne. As it carries such a name some people believe or at least infer that it must be a book approved and authorized by the whole of Freemasonry. However, had they done any basic research they would have seen that it was written by a former Freemason turned anti-Mason named Edmond Ronayne.

The 19th century witnessed a surge of anti-Masonic sentiment in the United States, fueled by conspiracy theories, suspicions of secret societies, and fears of undue influence within the government. Edmond Ronayne's journey from a member of the Masonic fraternity to one of its staunchest critics demonstrates the dangers of religious fanaticism and the need to guard the West. 

Born to a Catholic family on November 5, 1832, in Ireland, his family emigrated to North America. In 1851, he renounced Catholicism and became an Anglican. In 1858, he joined the Loyal Orange Order. In 1859, he left the Anglican Church which he saw as too “Romanist.” He left the Orange Order in 1860. He joined Harrington Lodge No. 49 in Quebec, but withdrew his membership when he moved to Wisconsin in 1865.

By 1870, he was living in Chicago with his family and affiliated with Keystone Lodge No.639 where he served as Secretary and was elected as Senior Warden the next year. At the end of 1872, he accepted election as Worshipful Master, but over the past year, he had felt disenfranchised because of local politics and the involvement of several Masons. His resentment to the fraternity grew as he felt the Grand Lodge misappropriated donations from American Masons as they used the funds to rebuild Lodges after the Chicago Fire of 1871 and Ronayne felt they should have used it to feed and clothe the needy. In late 1874, he finally renounced Freemasonry and left the fraternity. I’ve also read that he was expelled by the Grand Lodge of Illinois, but I’ve never been able to confirm this. 

He would later associate himself with the National Christian Association which saw organizations like Freemasonry as subversive, a competing religion, and a threat to their Christian values. This is the organization that built the statue honoring William Morgan in Batavia, NY.

Edmond Ronayne would publish three anti-Mason books: Handbook of Free Masonry (1876), The Master's Carpet; or Masonry and Baal-Worship Identical (1879), and Masonic Oaths Null and Void (1880). Modern anti-Masons often reference his “handbook” as if it is legitimate and sanctioned by Freemasonry. His second book claimed that the use of Hiram Abiff was really a secret way to worship Baal, Osiris, or Tammuz. His books, particularly the Preface, are examples of the argumentum ad verecundiam fallacy by his claim that as a Past Master, his word cannot be questioned when condemning Freemasonry. He also claims that his book reveals the real secrets of Freemasonry and that no other exposition has shown what he has published (he had quite the ego). He also traveled the country performing what he said was a Masonic ritual and giving lectures that were often sponsored by the National Christian Association.

Through his writings and activism, he helped shape public perceptions of Freemasonry during the late 19th century and, sadly, he is still referenced by anti-Masons today even though the information cited from his book is contrary to everything Masonry teaches.

References

1. American Anti-Masonry in 1880: Edmond Ronayne And the National Christian Association. (2011, August). Retrieved from Waller Mason Lodge No. 808: http://mastermason.com/WallerNews/WN0811.pdf 

2. American Anti-Masonry in 1880: Edmond Ronayne and the National Christian Association. (2010, February 2). Retrieved from National Heritage Museum: https://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/edmond-ronayne/ 

3. Edmond Ronayne. (n.d.). Retrieved from Grand Lodge of British-Columbia & Yukon: http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/ronayne_e/ronayne_e.html

Happy St. Patrick's Day

It has been a busy week. This last week I started a new position within my company. On Thursday, Idaho Commandery No. 1 met for its monthly meeting where we initiated 5 new Companions into the Illustrious Order of the Red Cross. Friday night started the 221st Spring Reunion of the Boise Valley of the Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite. Saturday morning I took part as the Expert in 14th degree or Perfect Elu. Sunday morning I served as Captain of the Host for 30th degree or Knight Kadosh. This morning I served as Captain of the Host for the 30th degree or Knight Kadosh.

Now, it's time to sit back, drink a Guinness, and relax. Happy Saint Patrick's Day

Erin go brách!

Baphomet and Freemasonry

An enduring misconception and argument used by anti-Masons is the supposed worship of Baphomet within Freemasonry. While Baphomet is often associated with various occult practices and conspiracy theories, there is no credible evidence to support the claim that Baphomet is the god of Freemasonry or worshipped therein.

First and foremost, Freemasonry is not a religion, nor does it advocate the worship of any particular deity. Instead, Freemasonry encourages its members to believe in a higher power or Supreme Being, but does not prescribe a specific religious doctrine. This inclusivity is reflected in the diversity of its membership, which comprises individuals from various religious backgrounds.

The idea that Baphomet is the god of Freemasonry likely stems from misinterpretations or deliberate misrepresentations of Masonic symbolism and literature. Baphomet, often depicted as a horned deity with androgynous features, has been associated with occultism and esoteric traditions. However, there is no direct connection between Baphomet and Freemasonry within the context of Masonic teachings or rituals.

Moreover, Freemasonry promotes values such as charity, tolerance, and personal development, which are incompatible with the characteristics attributed to Baphomet in occult lore. Depending on the organization, Baphomet is seen as a symbol of wisdom and knowledge (enlightenment), dualism and balance, alchemical transformation, fertility, and occultism in general. It's important to note that interpretations of Baphomet can vary widely among different occult traditions and practitioners. While some may view Baphomet as a symbol of enlightenment and spiritual liberation, others may associate it with darker or more sinister aspects of the occult. As with many symbols in the occult, the meaning of Baphomet is complex and multifaceted, and it can hold different significance for different individuals and groups. The notion that Freemasonry venerates a dark or sinister deity contradicts its fundamental principles of moral and ethical conduct.

It's essential to distinguish between myth and reality when discussing the role of symbolism in Freemasonry. While symbols such as the Square and Compass hold significant meaning for Masons, they represent philosophical concepts related to morality, virtue, and self-improvement, not specific deities.

The Washington Statue and Baphomet

Often when confronted by anti-Masons about Masonic veneration of Baphomet, they use the picture of a statue of George Washington called the Enthroned Washington (seen here) as it bears a striking resemblance to the popular rendering of Baphomet.

The Enthroned Washington statue by Horatio Greenough, created in the mid-19th century, was indeed heavily influenced by classical Greco-Roman sculpture, particularly the statue of Olympian Zeus. This influence is evident in both the overall composition and the portrayal of Washington himself.

The statue of Zeus at Olympia, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was renowned for its grandeur and majesty. It depicted the Greek god Zeus seated on a throne, with a commanding presence and an aura of divine power. Greenough's Enthroned Washington similarly portrays the first President of the United States seated on a throne, evoking a sense of authority and dignity.

The influence of the statue of Zeus is evident in the classical style of Greenough's sculpture, characterized by idealized proportions, harmonious composition, and meticulous attention to detail. The drapery and pose of Washington in the Enthroned Washington statue echo the conventions of classical sculpture, emphasizing the figure's noble bearing and statesmanlike qualities.

While some have drawn parallels between the Enthroned Washington statue and the imagery of Baphomet due to its seated posture and raised hand, it is more accurate to attribute the statue's inspiration to the classical tradition rather than occult symbolism. The raised hand in Greenough's sculpture is a gesture of authority and command, a motif commonly found in classical depictions of rulers and gods.

Furthermore, Greenough's intention with the Enthroned Washington statue was to create a monumental representation of Washington as a symbol of American democracy and republican ideals. The statue was commissioned to commemorate the centennial of Washington's birth and to honor his legacy as the father of the nation.

Drawing Baphomet

The modern depiction of Baphomet, often associated with occultism, was indeed popularized by the French occultist, ceremonial magician, and writer Eliphas Levi in 1855 (14 years after Greenough completed his Enthroned Washington). Levi, whose real name was Alphonse Louis Constant, was a prominent figure in the occult revival of the 19th century and is renowned for his influential works on magic, mysticism, and symbolism.

In his book "Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie" (Dogma and Ritual of High Magic), first published in 1855, Levi introduced his illustration of Baphomet, accompanied by a description that infused the figure with complex symbolism and esoteric meaning. Levi's depiction of Baphomet portrayed a seated figure with a goat's head, human torso, goat hooves, wings, and various other symbolic elements.

Levi's Baphomet amalgamated various occult and alchemical symbols, drawing inspiration from diverse sources such as Hermeticism, Kabbalah, and ancient mystery traditions. The figure's androgynous features symbolize the reconciliation of opposites, reflecting Levi's belief in the union of masculine and feminine energies within the individual.

Furthermore, the goat head, reminiscent of the ancient Greek god Pan, represented primal instincts, fertility, and the untamed forces of nature. The torch between Baphomet's horns symbolized enlightenment and the pursuit of knowledge, while the pentagram inscribed on its forehead signified the mastery of spiritual and material realms.

Levi's depiction of Baphomet became iconic within occult circles, influencing subsequent esoteric traditions and contributing to the figure's association with secret societies, magic, and mysticism. Despite Levi's intention to present Baphomet as a symbol of spiritual enlightenment and inner transformation, the image became increasingly associated with darker interpretations, particularly in the context of Satanism and anti-establishment movements. Associating Baphomet with the devil was cemented in the 20th century when Anton LaVey, the founder of the Church of Satan, adopted the Sigil of Baphomet as the official emblem of his church.

Over time, Baphomet evolved into a potent symbol within occultism, often invoked in rituals, magical practices, and occult literature. The image's ambiguity and rich symbolism have made it a subject of fascination, interpretation, and controversy, with its meaning varying depending on the perspective of the interpreter.

It is important to note that Levi was briefly associated with Freemasonry as he was initiated into Lodge Rose du Parfait Silence (Grand Orient of France) on March 14, 1861 (after he published his drawing of Baphomet), but was dropped from the rolls on August 21, 1861.

The Taxil Hoax

Looking back one can see where many conspiracy theories against Freemasonry have their roots. The Taxil Hoax is a notorious episode in the history of Freemasonry that played a significant role in perpetuating the rumors linking Freemasonry with Baphomet. The hoax was orchestrated by Léo Taxil, a French writer and anti-Catholic who sought to discredit both Freemasonry and the Catholic Church through a series of elaborate fabrications and sensational claims. 

In the late 19th century, Freemasonry was viewed with suspicion by certain segments of society, including some religious authorities who saw it as a threat to traditional values and religious institutions. Taxil, capitalizing on this climate of distrust, began publishing a series of books and articles purportedly exposing the secrets and rituals of Freemasonry.

One of Taxil's most infamous fabrications was the creation of a fictitious character named Diana Vaughan, whom he claimed had been initiated into a Satanic sect within Freemasonry. According to Taxil's elaborate hoax, Vaughan revealed shocking details about the alleged worship of Baphomet, a demonic deity, within Masonic Lodges.

Taxil's writings sensationalized these claims, portraying Freemasonry as a sinister organization engaged in occult practices and devil worship. The inclusion of Baphomet, often depicted as a symbol of the occult and Satanism, added a sensational element to his allegations, capturing the public's imagination and fueling fears about the secretive nature of Freemasonry.

The hoax reached its apex in 1897 when Taxil called a press conference to announce the conversion of Diana Vaughan to Catholicism and to expose the alleged Satanic rituals of Freemasonry. However, to the shock of the attendees, Taxil confessed that he had fabricated the entire story as a satire intended to mock both Freemasonry and the Catholic Church.

The revelation of the Taxil Hoax dealt a significant blow to the credibility of anti-Masonic propaganda, but the damage had been done to the Craft. The association between Freemasonry and Baphomet had already taken root in the public consciousness, perpetuating a myth that persists to this day in certain fringe circles and conspiracy theories.

Despite Taxil's admission of deception, the rumors linking Freemasonry with Baphomet continue to resurface periodically, fueled by misinformation and a lack of understanding about the true nature of Freemasonry. The Taxil Hoax serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of sensationalism, manipulation, and the spread of false information.

Templars and Baphomet

Another argument is that Freemasonry originates or stems from the medieval Knights Templar and that the Knights Templar were believed to be guilty of venerating Baphomet. The Knights Templar were a powerful military and financial force in the Middle Ages. Their wealth, power, and prominence attracted jealousy, suspicion, and hostility from secular and ecclesiastical authorities. Following the 1307 suppression of the Templars by the French tyrant, King Philip IV, some knights, while being tortured, confessed to engaging in blasphemous rituals, including the worship of a mysterious entity known as Baphomet.

The precise origins and meaning of the term "Baphomet" remain uncertain, but it likely entered the Templar trials as part of the accusations brought forth by their adversaries. Some historians suggest that "Baphomet" could have been a corruption or misinterpretation of other terms or concepts, while others propose it may have been a symbolic representation used in Templar rituals, possibly related to the order's alleged connections to esoteric traditions or Eastern mysticism.

However, the idea that the Templars worshiped Baphomet as a deity remains speculative and lacks conclusive evidence. It is widely believed that the accusations of heresy and idolatry leveled against the Templars were politically motivated, and aimed at discrediting and eliminating a powerful rival to royal and papal authority.

Another theory that has circulated, particularly in the context of anti-Islamic arguments, is the notion that Baphomet was somehow associated with the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. This theory is largely based on linguistic speculation and historical misunderstandings, rather than credible evidence. The origin of this theory can be traced to the writings of 18th and 19th-century European authors who sought to demonize Islam and portray Muhammad as a false prophet or even a diabolical figure. Some of these authors attempted to equate Muhammad with Baphomet, suggesting that the two names were phonetically similar or derived from the same root. However, scholars and historians have thoroughly debunked this theory, highlighting the lack of linguistic or historical basis for such claims. The etymology and meaning of the term "Baphomet" are far removed from the Arabic name "Muhammad," and there is no evidence to support any connection between the two figures.

Another theory speculates that Baphomet was a code. The Atbash Cipher, an ancient substitution cipher that replaces each letter in the alphabet with its reverse counterpart, has been invoked by some within occult circles to decipher the meaning of the name "Baphomet" in connection with the Knights Templar. According to this interpretation, applying the Atbash Cipher to the name "Baphomet" results in "Sophia," a Greek word literally meaning “wisdom” and symbolically representing divine wisdom in various philosophical and mystical traditions.

Riding the Goat

When all else fails, I’ve seen anti-Masons post a picture like this which makes me cringe.

The myth of riding a goat in Freemasonry is a common misconception that has been perpetuated over the years, but it has no basis in actual Masonic ritual or tradition. The notion of riding a goat is often used in jest or as a humorous exaggeration, particularly by those unfamiliar with the inner workings of Freemasonry.

It's important to understand that Freemasonry is a fraternal organization with a rich history and a focus on moral and philosophical teachings. Its rituals and ceremonies are symbolic, emphasizing principles such as brotherhood, morality, and personal development. No ritual or practice within Freemasonry involves riding a goat or any other animal.

The origin of the myth of riding a goat in Freemasonry can be traced back to other fraternal organizations, particularly college fraternities and secret societies, where initiation rituals often include humorous or eccentric elements designed to test the resolve or endurance of new members. These rituals may involve absurd or outlandish tasks, including metaphorically "riding a goat," as a form of initiation or hazing.

Over time, these exaggerated initiation practices became associated with secret societies in general, including Freemasonry, leading to the misconception that Freemasons engage in similar rituals involving the riding of goats. However, it's essential to distinguish between the lighthearted traditions of some college fraternities and the solemn and dignified ceremonies of Freemasonry.

In reality, Freemasonry places a strong emphasis on dignity, respect, and moral values, and its rituals are intended to inspire reflection and personal growth rather than frivolity or hazing. The myth of riding a goat in Freemasonry is just that—a myth—and should not be taken seriously as an accurate representation of Masonic practice.

References

1. Éliphas Lévi. (n.d.). Retrieved from Grand Lodge of British Columbia & Yukon: https://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/esoterica/levi_e/levi_e.html 

2. George Washington (Greenough). (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough) 

3. McIntosh, C. (2011). Eliphas Lévi and the French Occult Revival. SUNY Press. 

4. Myth of Baphomet. (n.d.). Retrieved from Grand Lodge of British Columbia & Yukon: http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/baphomet.html 

5. Newman, P. D. (2013, February). Masonic Templary II: The Name and Nature of Baphomet. Retrieved from Grand Encampment of Knights Templar USA: https://www.knightstemplar.org/KnightTemplar/Magazine/2013/0213.pdf

Masonic Week 2024

Another Masonic Week has come and gone. This year included some new chapters in my Masonic career. On Thursday I was appointed Assistant Grand Marshal during the Annual Meeting of the Grand Master’s Council for Ye Commemorative Order of St. Thomas of Acon. After the Acon Festive Board, I attended the Provincial Grand Court of the USA for the Masonic Order of Athelstan. That night I presided over the High Council of the Masonic Order of the Bath USA where we initiated over 70 new members. After some fun and frivolity with my Brother Masons in the hospitality suite, it was definitely time for bed.

Friday morning started for me with the 58th Annual Meeting of the Grand Council of Knight Masons of the USA. In the afternoon, I attended the 90th Annual Grand Ingathering of the Grand College of America for the Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests. I then attended the 93rd Annual Convocation of the Grand College of Rites of the USA. After a great dinner with friends, I spent the night conversing with Brothers until about 3:30 am.

I slept in on Saturday and then attended the 132nd Annual Convocation of the Grand Council of the Allied Masonic Degrees of the USA. After the All Masonic Banquet, I packed and got some shut-eye before my early flight home.

It was great to see all of my Brothers!

Thurman C. Pace

I'm saddened to learn of the death of Brother Thurman C. Pace, Jr. of New Jersey. He was 99 years old (next week he would have turned 100). While I had only met him a few times, I learned how dedicated he was to Freemasonry.

Thurman was a World War II Veteran who was present when the Dachau Death Camp was liberated. After the end of the war, he returned to the States and earned a Bachelors degree from Auburn University. He retired in 1987 as Financial Executive of the corporation and President of the United States Mutual Liability Insurance Company. In 1950 he married his wife Betty and they had three children: Donna, Arthur, and Susan. They were married for 74 years.

As another Mason said, "Sir Knight Thurman's Masonic record is an enviable one. He's presided over more than 30 Masonic organizations during his life. Again, space does not permit their listing. It would be far easier to list what Thurman hasn't done!"

Thurman was a 33° and former Deputy of New Jersey for the Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction of the USA; Past Commander of the Legion of Honor Preceptory for New Jersey DeMolay; a Most Illustrious Past Grand Chancellor and Knight Grand Cross in the Grand College of Rites; Past Grand Commander and Past Grand Recorder of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of New Jersey, Past Department Commander of the Northeastern Department (1982-1985), recipient of the Knight Commander of the Temple, and an Honorary Most Eminent Past Grand Master of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar USA; a Most Excellent Past Great Chief of the Grand Council of Knight Masons USA; an Honorary Most Venerable Past Sovereign Grand Master of the Grand Council of the Allied Masonic Degrees of the USA; a Most Illustrious Past Grand Sovereign of the United Grand Imperial Council of the Red Cross of Constantine; the founder and first Grand Preceptor of the Sovereign Order of Knights Preceptor (he served for over 25-years as Grand Preceptor); and a Most Worthy Past Supreme Magus and a Knight Grand Cross of the Societas Rosicruciana in Civitatibus Foederatis where, in 2002, he also chaired the proclamation ceremony for the formation of the Societas Rosicruciana in Lusitania (Portugal) and the investiture of the Supreme Magus for the newly formed High Council.

I'm sure I missed an accomplishment of this truly amazing Mason and his death will be felt around the world of Freemasonry. Requiesce in pace.

Anti-Mason Disinformation: Alta Vendita

Freemasonry has been under assault since its inception and accused of many conspiracies. While anti-Masonry is an equal opportunity employer, religious anti-Masonry often takes the form of Christian fanaticism and the opposition is general across the board, but some are unique to certain Christian denominations and churches. The relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and Freemasonry has been characterized by a complex and often contentious history. The Catholic Church's stance against Freemasonry can be traced back to the late 18th century when it formally condemned the secretive fraternal organization. The Church's opposition was rooted in a perceived conflict of principles and values, as well as suspicions regarding the Masonic rituals and secrecy.

In 1738, Pope Clement XII issued the papal bull "In Eminenti Apostolatus Specula," which marked the beginning of the Church's formal opposition to Freemasonry. The bull declared that Catholics who joined Masonic lodges faced excommunication, and subsequent popes reiterated and reinforced this stance. In 1859, during the reign of Pope Pius IX, the Vatican “exposed” and published Permanent Instruction of the Alta Vendita which the Vatican claims was written by a Jewish Freemason under the pseudonym of “Piccolo Tigre” (“Little Tiger”).

Through this document, the Vatican alleges the existence of a secret society within the Catholic Church known as the Alta Vendita, which purportedly seeks to infiltrate and manipulate the Church for its own agenda. This publication is a blueprint for the slow subversion of the Church. However, there is considerable skepticism about the authenticity of the document, and many scholars argue that the conspiracy theory is unfounded and lacks credible evidence.

According to “Architects of Deception” by Juri Lina, the Carbonari (Italian for "charcoal makers") was established in Naples in 1806 and was a guild that was supposedly infiltrated by the mafia, Freemasons, and the Illuminati. The governing body of the Carbonari was called “Alta Vendita.” This group was accused of participating in Italian insurrections in the 1830s and was supposedly presided over by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini (both of whom were influential in establishing an independent and unified Italian state), but that doesn’t hold that much muster as the group was suppressed by 1831. The Vatican makes claims that this group is a neo-Illuminati group and slanders them for their pro-republican stances (a common theme from that church). The Carbonari were divided into two degrees: Apprentice and Master. Supposedly, Masons could enter the Carbonari immediately as Masters. The Carbonari spread across Europe through the 1800s. It is claimed that the Carbonari worked behind the scenes to topple monarchies (particularly the Bourbon dynasty for some reason) and commit acts of terrorism. After failed uprisings, the Carbonari ceased to exist after government crackdowns, and many of their leaders were either put to death, imprisoned, or exiled, but conspiracy theorists claim that members just joined a new movement called Giovane Italia ("Young Italy") that was governed by Giuseppe Mazzini (who is also included in the World War conspiracy theory.

I’ve read several different works and no one can say how the Vatican got a hold of this document. They just say it fell into the hands of Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846), but they declare it is authentic because Pope Pus IX (1846-1878) said it was authentic. However, nothing in any of the published works concerning the Alta Vendita prove any link or affiliation with Freemasonry and whoever wrote it was unfamiliar with legitimate Freemasonry.

The Roman Catholics who reference the Alta Vendita as proof of the evil of Freemasonry are often “sedevacantists”. Sedevacantism is a traditionalist Catholic movement that believes that since the death of Pius XII in 1958 anyone sitting as Pope is illegitimate. Sedevacantism comes from the Latin phrase “sede vacante” which means “empty chair” meaning the Throne of St. Peter is empty. The movement originated after the Second Vatican Council which made some changes that they did not like. It is ironic that those who claim to uphold Catholicism which includes the doctrine of Papal infallibility, but then reject the Papacy of their own church. They however use it as they see it as the cause for all of the changes in the church in the post-Vatican II era. These sedevacantists even say that recent Popes have been Freemasons including the current one, Pope Francis, even though he has recently condemned Freemasonry and upheld the doctrine that prohibits Catholics from joining Freemasonry.

References

1. Carbonari. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonari 

2. Doesn't the Alta Vendita prove that Freemasonry is anti-Catholic? (n.d.). Retrieved from Grand Lodge of British Columbia & Yukon: https://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/anti-masonry01.html#alta 

3. Lina, J. (2004). Architects of Deception. Stockholm: Referent Publishing). 

4. Vennari, J. (n.d.). The Permanent Instruction of the Alta Vendita. Retrieved from Catholic Family News: http://www.brizek.com/endtimes/altavend.htm

Farewell 2023

Another year has come and gone. 2022 had been a fantastic year and I was looking forward to what 2023 had to bring. The year started with work trips to Iowa and South Dakota (you know...the good times to visit the Midwest). In Iowa, I had a chance to visit with my Masonic Brothers.

February brought Masonic Week and it was a busy one. I received the rank of Past Grand Herald from the outgoing Grand Master. I was also elected as Commander-General of the Masonic Order of the Bath for the USA after we initiated 85 candidates into the order. I also received the Knight Commander of Zerubbabel in the Knight Masons.

In April, the annual sessions of the Grand York Rite of Idaho were held. I was elected and installed as Honorable Grand Commander of the Left Wing for Syringa Order No.121 of the Order of the Sword of Bunker Hill, the Master of Templars for Idaho Chapter of the Sovereign Order of Knights Preceptor, and the Very Eminent Deputy Grand Commander of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of Idaho.

After attending the Grand York Rite of Montana at the beginning of June, I spent the rest of the month on the road for work. 

In July, I attended the Rocky Mountain SRICF Conference in Las Vegas. Fratres from Idaho, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and New Jersey were present. We conferred the four Grades of the First Order to four candidates from Nevada. I then flew from there straight to another work trip.

I attended the 72nd Triennial Convocation of the General Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons International and the 48th Triennial Assembly of the General Grand Council of Cryptic Masons International in August. It was my final duty as a Deputy General Grand High Priest to attend and turn over my collar and apron to my successor.

At the beginning of September, I attended the 88th Annual Conclave of the Convent General of the Knights of the York Cross of Honor where I watched a good friend installed as the Deputy Grand Master-General. A few weeks later I attended the 156th Annual Communication of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of Idaho (first time since 2019). September was busy in general because I also attended two meetings for my Lodge, one meeting of my Commandery, and one meeting for the Masonic Order of Athelstan.

In October, I had more work trips, but then attended the first Joint Southwest-Northwest York Rite Conference in Salt Lake City which also included a meeting for the Northwest Province of the Commemorative Order of St. Thomas of Acon. October ended with me attending the conferral of the Knight Commander of the Court of Honor.

November was a busy month. I went to Massachusetts for work, but was also able to get in a lot of sightseeing. I then attended the annual meeting of the High Council of the SRICF. I spent Thanksgiving in Hawaii with several members of my family.

In December, I attended the meetings of Tri-Valley College of the York Rite Sovereign College, St. Michael Conclave of the Red Cross of Constantine, Redemption Tabernacle of the Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests, and Salish Court of the Masonic Order of Athelstan. I spent Christmas with my family and I couldn't have asked for a better day. 

2024 is going to be a big year for me and I look forward to it all.

Christmas Observance

Tonight I attended the Christmas Observance for Idaho Commandery No.1, Knights Templar of Idaho, and served as the Prelate. We had a great attendance with several Sir Knights, family, friends, Job's Daughters, and some DeMolay present. The Jobies read passages from the Bible about the Birth of Jesus and we sang some Christmas carols. Afterward, we had refreshments, but I couldn't stay long.